What does 1 Samuel chapter 10 mean?
Israel has demanded a king so they could be like other nations around them (1 Samuel 8:19–20). God instructed Samuel to be ready for the arrival of Saul (1 Samuel 9:15–17). Samuel met Saul when he was looking for missing animals and treated him as an honored guest. Before Saul can leave town the next morning, Samuel said it was time to reveal God's word (1 Samuel 9:27).Samuel takes out a flask of oil and anoints Saul by pouring it on his head and then kisses him. The old prophet tells Saul that the Lord has anointed him to be the king of Israel. Saul will reign over them and save from their enemies (1 Samuel 10:1).
Samuel describes three signs for Saul to recognize as he travels back home to Gibeah from Samuel's town of Ramah. First, Saul will meet two men at the landmark of Rachel's tomb at Zelzah (Genesis 35:19–20). These men will tell Saul that the donkeys have been found and now his father is worried about Saul. Second, Saul will meet three men at the landmark of the oak of Tabor near Bethel (Genesis 13:18). One will have three young goats, another three loaves of bread, and the third a skin of wine. They will give Saul two bread loaves (1 Samuel 10:2–4).
The third sign will be even more astounding. Saul will meet a group of prophets coming down from the high place at Gibeath-elohim ("the hill of God"). These prophets will be carrying musical instruments, including a harp, lyre, flute, and tambourine. When Saul meets them, God's Spirit will rush on him, and Saul will join this group in prophesying. He will be like a different man (1 Samuel 10:5–6).
Samuel gives Saul some instructions: when these things happen, do whatever you find in front of you to do because God will be with you. Samuel also tells Saul to go down to Gilgal and wait for seven days for Samuel to arrive there to perform sacrifices and offerings. At that time, Samuel would show Saul what to do next (1 Samuel 10:7–8).
Everything happens that day just as Samuel said, including Saul's prophesying with the group of musical prophets. Since this is near Saul's home, the people who know him and see him prophesying wonder why Saul is among the prophets. When Saul finally makes it home, his uncle asks where he and his servant have been for so long. Saul tells them about the donkeys and meeting Samuel. The uncle asks what Samuel said, but Saul only speaks about the donkeys (1 Samuel 10:9–16).
Samuel eventually calls for the people of Israel to gather at Mizpah for the purpose of selecting their first king. Before he begins, Samuel once more tells them that their choice to have a human king is a rejection of the Lord as their King. Still God has allowed them to make this choice (1 Samuel 10:17–19).
To make it clear that the Lord has chosen the king, he will be selected from among all the people of the nation by drawing lots. This method would imply that no human agency was involved in making the decision. After the people divide themselves up by tribes and clans, the lot falls in the favor of the tribe of Benjamin. The next round falls in favor of the clan of Matri and then the family of Kish. Finally, Saul's name is revealed by lot to be the next king of Israel. But when this is announced, Saul is nowhere to be found (1 Samuel 10:20–21).
The Lord reveals that Saul is hiding. He must be brought back to face the people. Samuel emphasizes that the Lord has chosen Saul. He also says there is nobody else like Saul among the people; as it happens, he is noticeably taller than everyone. The crowd shouts back their approval by saying "Long live the king!" (1 Samuel 10:22–24).
Samuel explains to the people the rights and duties of kingship and then writes them down in a book. The book is laid before the Lord, perhaps in a sanctuary. Samuel sends everyone home. Saul also travels back home, but not alone. He is accompanied by a group of valiant men whose hearts have been touched by God. Another group, worthless men, refuse to give Saul gifts and can't imagine he can be successful against Israel's enemies (1 Samuel 10:25–27).