What does 1 Samuel 6:15 mean?
During the time of Joshua—not the Joshua of the prior verse (1 Samuel 6:14) but the leader of the Israelites after Moses—the city of Beth-shemesh was given to the priestly tribe of the Levites (Joshua 21:16). The Levites were not given their own territory in Israel, but they were given cities inside each of the territories so they could be available to serve the people of every tribe. Presumably, that is why some of the Levites were so quickly available to take the ark from the cart.The stone upon which the people sacrificed the milk cows as a burnt offering was apparently exceptionally large. The Levites placed the ark and the box containing the golden items from the Philistines on the stone, and then the men of the community offered the sacrifices and burnt offerings to the Lord there.
The Lord seems to receive these offerings, but readers familiar with the law of Moses may be concerned. This is a very casual treatment of the ark and sacrifices made alongside the guilt offering from the Philistines. In fact, the people of Beth-shemesh were being far too careless with the ark of the Lord in their enthusiasm over its return (1 Samuel 6:19). This is not too surprising given the prior descriptions about the treatment of the ark during the battle with the Philistines (1 Samuel 4:2–5).