What does Acts 15:2 mean?
Paul and Barnabas are enjoying an encouraging break in Syrian Antioch. Then, Pharisee Christians arrive from Judea. They insist the significant number of Gentiles in the church must be circumcised and dedicate themselves to the Mosaic law in order to be saved (Acts 15:1). Paul and Barnabas vehemently disagree. They have spent several months traveling through Cyprus and central modern-day Asia Minor, sharing the good news of salvation through Jesus' sacrifice. They have seen countless Gentiles accept their message and receive the Holy Spirit before baptism and without circumcision (Acts 10). They are convinced that although Jesus of Nazareth is the Jewish Messiah, salvation is through Christ, not Judaism. In fact, Paul knows the Pharisees only want the Gentiles to convert so they can retain their reputation among the non-Christian Jews (Galatians 6:12).It's worth noting that Paul knows he's right; he is not fawning over the leadership positions held by the twelve apostles and James the half-brother of Jesus (Galatians 2:6). But he sees the value in endorsement from the original leaders of the faith, to protect the believers in the ever-spreading church. In Jerusalem, he will get a letter from James, the apostles, and the elders of the church in Jerusalem stating unequivocally that salvation does not require circumcision or adherence to the Mosaic law (Acts 15:22–29). Armed with this, Paul can fight for the unity of the churches in the Roman Empire. He can oppose legalists who have a hard time accepting how their religious expression has been usurped by grace—as it always was.
Representatives of a church in Syrian Antioch travelled to the first church in Jerusalem to seek clarification from the leadership there. This event has influenced our understanding of church government. Those who espouse an "episcopalian" government, with a strict hierarchy leading to a single leader, such as a bishop or pope, cite James' role in Acts 15:13–29. This is viewed as evidence that Jesus' plan was always a single leader over the entire church. Meanwhile, a "presbyterian" model rests structure on the meeting of representatives, elders, and apostles in the council of Acts 15:6–29.