What does Daniel 3:12 mean?
King Nebuchadnezzar nearly executed all his advisors over a disturbing dream (Daniel 2:8–12). One of the Hebrew captives, Daniel, was given a vision from God which solved the mystery (Daniel 2:17–19). In response, the king elevated the four Jewish men to positions of power (Daniel 2:48–49). This likely made others in the court jealous. Later, Nebuchadnezzar ordered all people to worship his new golden idol (Daniel 3:1–7). The bitter Chaldeans—astrologers from Babylon—used this opportunity to harass the Israelite men (Daniel 3:8–11). Satan was certainly behind the Chaldeans' accusation. Revelation 12:10 identifies the Devil as "the accuser of our brothers," and describes him as accusing them "day and night before God."These critics accused the three men of failing to serve Nebuchadnezzar's gods and refusing to worship his golden image. In that culture, it was common to believe in many gods. Few people would have been offended at the command to honor one more idol. Nebuchadnezzar's command was probably more a matter of politics, and egotism, than religious piety. Yet the Hebrews believed in the One True God and refused to worship false deities (Exodus 20:3–6).
It is noteworthy that this accusation targets only three men. No mention is made of Daniel, who was notably pious about his faith (Daniel 1:8–16). It's feasible to think he was not accused because the Chaldeans thought he was too powerful, or too popular with the king. It's also possible he was away on official business when the idol was to be worshipped. Then again, the men who make this claim do so out of pure malice (Daniel 3:8). It may have been they simply wanted to harass the Jews, and didn't know that they had, in fact, disobeyed the order.
Also not mentioned are any of the other Jewish captives brought from Judah (Daniel 1:1–5). Perhaps many disobeyed, yet avoided being accused because they were unimportant, or unnoticed. Or, they may have compromised their traditional faith to avoid punishment. Scripture does not say which was the case.