What does Daniel 5:23 mean?
Daniel's courageous, scathing indictment of Belshazzar continues (Daniel 5:22). After reminding the king about the experience of Nebuchadnezzar (Daniel 4:28–33; 5:18–21), Daniel now addresses the event which God's supernatural sign interrupted (Daniel 5:1–5).Belshazzar's inebriated, blasphemous actions are described as direct rebellion against "the Lord of heaven." Though he knew about Nebuchadnezzar's encounter with the God of Israel, Belshazzar still chose to use Jewish holy objects (Daniel 5:1–2) as toys for drinking, and tools for idolatry. Failure to learn from Nebuchadnezzar's example was one thing, but to actively desecrate the name of Israel's God and use His objects (Exodus 30:22–29) to worship idols was even worse.
A deep contrast can be seen in the reaction of New Testament converts in Thessalonica. When they heard the gospel, they "turned to God from idols to serve the living and true God" (1 Thessalonians 1:9). Belshazzar's refusal to see what God made clear (Romans 1:18–20; John 5:39–40) displayed his arrogance. Only when that brutally direct rebuke has been made does Daniel explain why it inspired God to send a sign, and what that sign means (Daniel 5:24–28).