What does Exodus 5:4 mean?
"Pharaoh" is the title (Exodus 5:1) given to the ruler of Egypt (Genesis 40:1, 5; 41:46). Over time, Egypt turned from welcoming the Israelites (Genesis 47:5–6) to enslaving them (Exodus 1:13–14). God has sent Moses (Exodus 3:4–6, 10) to demand release of the people. This began with a request that the nation be allowed to travel a few days into the wilderness for worship (Exodus 3:18; 5:1, 3). Pharaoh responded with a sneering dismissal of the Lord (Exodus 5:2). Here, the king seems to grow irritated with Moses and Aaron.Pharaoh realizes that Moses and Aaron are speaking with support from the Israelites. So, he dismissively criticizes them for not focusing on their slave labors. He tells them, in essence, "get back to work." That includes Moses and Aaron, who are both in their eighties (Exodus 7:7). Under his pagan worldview, Pharaoh saw the Hebrews as mere slaves, not as image-bearers of God (Genesis 1:27; Galatians 3:28). The request for time to worship offends this ruler who sees Israelites as nothing but a source of labor (Exodus 5:5).
Exodus 5:1–14 describes the first encounter between Moses and Egypt's ruler, Pharaoh (Exodus 4:21–23). When Moses asks that Israel be released for a period of worship (Exodus 3:18), Pharaoh flatly refuses. In fact, he retaliates against the Hebrews by forcing them to make the same quota of bricks (Exodus 1:13–14) without being provided the usual raw materials. This is impossible; the cruel punishments which follow are exactly what Pharaoh intended with his spiteful command.
Moses and Aaron have their first meeting with Egypt's king, the pharaoh. Though they are there to free Israel entirely (Exodus 3:10), they begin with a much less dramatic request: three days to worship their God in the wilderness (Exodus 3:18). Pharaoh refuses. Instead, he spitefully cuts off supply of raw materials—straw—while demanding the same output from the Hebrew slaves. This increases the peoples' burden and gives Pharaoh's taskmasters excuse to abuse them. When the Israelites turn against Moses, he expresses confusion to God.