What does Genesis 10:14 mean?

This and the previous verse list the sons of Egypt (or Mizraim). In Old Testament Hebrew, the only word used for this person, or the nation who came after him, is Misra'yim. This later became the nation of Egypt, and since that his how typical English speakers define that land today, most modern English translations stick to "Egypt" whenever this term arises.

Egypt was one of the sons of Ham, the son of Noah. Following the Tower of Babel, the descendants of Egypt generally settled in and around the lands that make up what would become known as the great nation of Egypt. Israel's relationship with Egypt would be long and complicated. Early on, they would be kind and supportive to the people of Israel (Genesis 50:1–14), but this would soon turn into subjection and slavery (Exodus 1:1–14).

Israel would also have a long and conflicted relationship with the Philistines, though there is some question as to whether the Philistines mentioned here are the same ones Israel fought in the time of David. Many scholars believe that this passage refers only to the Philistine people passing through an area, not necessarily originating in it.