What does Luke 22:21 mean?

Jesus and the disciples are celebrating Passover. Jesus is re-introducing to them the concept of new covenant (Jeremiah 31:31–34): the promise that because of His sacrifice, those who have faith in Him will be cleansed of their sins and reconciled to God (Romans 3:23–25). Now, Jesus breaks the news that this promise will not be accepted by everyone (John 3:36).

The Gospel writers had different themes and emphases as they recorded Jesus' life. The same is true of this moment. Matthew focuses on Judas's identity as the betrayer; Mark on the curse Judas is under; John on Judas's actions.

In the mirror-like structure of Luke 22—called a "chiasm"—this passage introduces the heart of the chapter. Will the disciples be worldly leaders, like Judas, or servant leaders, like Christ? This passage leads up to that discussion. One of their number will walk away in a shockingly vile way. In the companion passage, Jesus gives a parallel warning: all the disciples will succumb to fear over faith; one, Peter, in a shocking way (Luke 22:31–34).

The fates of the two players are distinctive. Judas receives a "woe": a cry of lament for the judgment of his soul (Luke 22:22). He will later kill himself (Matthew 27:3–10). Peter will publicly denounce Jesus (Luke 22:54–62). But then, as a foil for Judas, his sorrow will lead to repentance (2 Corinthians 7:10) and restoration (John 21:15–19) and lead the others to a renewed faith (Luke 22:32).

Matthew 26:23 says, "He who has dipped his hand in the dish with me will betray me." That may mean Jesus and Judas shared a place setting, specifically a bowl of oil with bitter herbs (Psalm 41:9; Exodus 12:8; Numbers 9:11).