What does Psalm chapter 118 mean?
This is last in the block of "Hallel" psalms (Psalms 113—118). Because of its connection to festivals such as Passover (Deuteronomy 16:16), the psalm is cited often in the New Testament. During Jesus' triumphal entry into Jerusalem, people shouted or sang some of these words to celebrate the arrival of the Savior (Matthew 21:9; Mark 11:9; Luke 19:38; John 12:13). Portions of the song seem to be written for call and response: for the repeated phrases to come after prompts from a worship leader.Praise for God is always appropriate. In the early verses of this psalm, the psalmist focuses on God's love being "steadfast." This is from the Hebrew term hesed. Hesed suggests ongoing, steady, merciful, and forgiving love (Exodus 34:6). The call to praise begins with Israel, then extends to the priestly line of Aaron (Exodus 7:2; 30:30). Next, the idea is applied to all who reverently honor and worship the Lord God (Proverbs 1:7; Psalm 34:9). The psalmist also mentions that God's will can't be undone by attacks from mortal men (Psalm 118:1–9).
No specific event is associated with this Psalm. It's possible the words were written to commemorate Israel's return from exile (Ezra 2:1) and the rebuilding of Jerusalem's walls and temple (Ezra 2:1; 3:1–2, 8). It may also refer to the exodus from Egypt (Exodus 12:41) or the early days of conquest in the Promised Land (Judges 2:16–19). In all such cases, enemy nations threatened to erase Israel from existence. But Israel was victorious. The nation suffered harsh discipline for her sins (Jeremiah 25:8–9) but was never destroyed (Psalm 118:10–18).
The last portion of this psalm contains statements often cited elsewhere in the Bible. Previous verses spoke about God's work on Israel's behalf. Here, the psalmist continues to explain how and why God's people should worship Him. The people celebrating Jesus' triumphal entry into Jerusalem used phrases from this passage (Matthew 21:8–9). The New Testament also repeats ideas regarding gates, cornerstones, and salvation (John 10:9; Matthew 7:13–14; Titus 2:11; 1 Peter 2:6). The psalm ends with exactly the same statement as it began (Psalm 118:19–29).