What does Psalm chapter 120 mean?

This is one of fifteen psalms associated with "ascents." Jerusalem was located on and around Zion (1 Kings 8:1), which was once a mountain fortress (2 Samuel 5:7). When Israelites traveled to participate in feast days (Deuteronomy 16:16) they may have sung these songs.

First, the psalmist relates his prayer for rescue. He wants to be kept safe from those who lie and deceive. No details are given about his situation, other than a later mention of where he is (Psalm 120:5). Other Scriptures note the dangers of lies (Proverbs 6:16–17; 19:9; Romans 3:13; James 3:5–6). It appears this request was granted (Psalm 120:1–2).

This psalm includes a Hebrew sentence which is difficult to translate. Most versions frame it as a question posed to the liar, asking what punishment is expected. Others suggest it is a question about how lies affect the Lord. Still others imply that this is a second person asking the psalmist about how lies have damaged him. In each case, there is a clear sense that deceit is wrong and worthy of punishment (Psalm 120:3).

Meschech (Genesis 10:2) and Kedar (Genesis 25:13) probably refer to a people group in the northern part of modern-day Turkey. It seems the psalmist is associating them with his concern about liars (Psalm 120:1). A liar's punishment can be severe (Psalm 5:6). References to arrows suggest war; the people where the psalmist was travelling (Psalm 120:5) may have been at odds with the powerful Assyrians. Coals are also associated with pain. While he wishes for peace, the people where he travels seem eager for conflict (Psalm 120:4–7).