What does Psalm chapter 76 mean?
This is described as "a psalm of Asaph." The most famous Asaph was a contemporary of king David (1 Chronicles 6:39). However, this song seems to perfectly describe a failed Assyrian invasion which happened centuries after David's life (2 Kings 18—19). If the song addresses that issue, then its association with Asaph would mean it is written in his style, or perhaps by a descendant with the same name. Like Psalms 4, 55, 67, and others, this is meant to be played with stringed instruments.Mount Zion was originally a Jebusite fortress captured by David (2 Samuel 5:7). The same area was apparently called Salem (Genesis 14:18). David made this his capital city: Jerusalem (1 Kings 8:1). These terms became symbolic references to this "city of David" (2 Samuel 5:9). Judah was one of the twelve tribes of Israel (Exodus 1:2–4), and the name of the southern kingdom after the division of Israel (1 Kings 12:16–24). As the location of the temple (1 Kings 6:1), and for a while the location of the ark of the covenant (1 Chronicles 15:3), Jerusalem was seen as the symbolic home of God on earth (Psalm 76:1–2).
God is credited with entirely defeating an enemy's fighting ability. That these weapons are "broken" implies that they are ineffective. During the attempted Assyrian siege of Jerusalem, God sent an angel to kill thousands upon thousands of invading soldiers overnight. In the morning, the shattered army retreated (2 Kings 19:35–36). In a single action, God undid all the supposed power of these men of war. Without Israel sending a single soldier into combat (1 Kings 19:32–34), an enemy which seemed invincible was turned back (Psalm 76:3–6).
The psalmist then turns to praise the absolute power of the Lord God. As the Creator (Genesis 1:1), nothing in the universe can withstand God. His judgment terrifies the entire world into silence. Here, the "wrath of man" refers to the rage and anguish of those who suffer the Lord's judgment on sin. All the defiance and rage of those judged by God will only serve to prove His glory (Psalm 2:1). When human effort is exhausted, He has power to spare. In fact, the Lord will symbolically "wear" the shattered remnants of human defiance like a trophy (Psalm 76:7–10).
Because of this, God is to be honored. The concept of "fear" here certainly includes a sense of danger: God is unstoppable and all-powerful. Yet proper "fear" of God is not abject panic or terror (Proverbs 1:7). It means reverence and submissive respect. Living out that attitude includes fulfilling any vows made to God, rather than breaking them. It also means sacrifices of thanks. God's power and authority prune away the arrogance of any dynasty which thinks it can oppose him (Isaiah 18:5; 25:5). Even the greatest of human rulers ought to reverently "fear" the Lord (Psalm 76:11–12).