What does Psalm chapter 79 mean?
This psalm refers to the Babylonian conquest of Jerusalem in 586 BC. The city fell centuries after the lives of King David and one of his musicians, named Asaph (1 Chronicles 6:39). This could mean that the label "of Asaph" refers to style. Or it suggests a later writer named Asaph composed the song.Between 605 and 586 BC, the kingdom of Judah—all that remained of the divided nation of Israel—suffered multiple defeats at the hands of the Babylonians. The last was the worst. In 586 BC, Babylon's siege against Jerusalem succeeded. The temple was desecrated and torn down, and Jerusalem was burned. Much of what happened was exactly as God predicted if Israel were to fall into idolatry (Deuteronomy 28:25). The psalm opens with a depiction of the ruin and slaughter (Psalm 79:1–4).
After describing the aftermath of Jerusalem's destruction, the psalmist struggles to understand it. He wonders about God's anger towards the people and asks forgiveness. Israel ignored God's warnings about imitating the pagan nations of Canaan (Deuteronomy 18:9), which would lead to their ruin (Deuteronomy 28:15). Even so, the psalmist prays that the Lord would bring vengeance to Babylon. Since the invaders were pagan unbelievers, Judah is not merely defeated, but also humiliated (Psalm 79:5–11).
The psalm ends with another appeal for the Lord to avenge the desecration of Jerusalem. The psalmist vows to honor God with praise. This seems to anticipate that God will answer his prayer (Psalm 79:12–13).