What does Revelation 12:1 mean?
John tells us in this verse that a sign appeared in heaven: a woman clothed with the sun. She is the first of seven key figures described in this part of Revelation. The moon was under her feet, and she wore a crown of twelve stars on her head. This sign was and is the first of several signs to come: Revelation 12:3; 13:13–14; 15:1; 16:14; and 18:20. Although the sign of the woman appears in heaven, the events that ensue take place on earth.The woman symbolizes Israel. Genesis 37 tells us Joseph, Jacob's favored son, had a dream in which Jacob's other sons and his parents bowed down to him. When he told his father Jacob about the dream, his father immediately applied the imagery. The sun and moon were Joseph's father and mother, Jacob—also named Israel—and Rachel. Joseph's brothers were the eleven stars. The crown on the woman's head probably signifies that Christ's future kingdom will center in Israel. Although Joseph's brothers bowed down to him in Egypt (Genesis 42:6), someday restored Israel will bow down to Jesus, who is far greater than Joseph.
This symbolic woman's status as Israel will be confirmed later in the passage, as her future-ruling offspring is opposed by "a great red dragon."
Revelation 12:1–6 opens a long stretch of Revelation which ''pauses'' the narrative of the end times. These events are highly symbolic and refer to varying times throughout both history and the future. This section points back to the fall of Satan and to the birth and ascension of Jesus. The passage concludes with an event in the middle of the tribulation period. Revelation 13 will describe the situation prompting the woman of Revelation 12:1–6 to flee into the wilderness.
This chapter relates several highly symbolic visions, which introduce figures critical to the end times. First is a woman, representative of Israel. Second is a red dragon, identified with Satan. Third is a male child, who is Jesus Christ. The red dragon seeks to devour the woman's male child, but God caught the child to His throne, referring to the ascension of Jesus after His resurrection. The passage then continues to describe a war in heaven between Michael and Satan—here Satan becomes the fourth key figure—which results in Satan's complete and total eviction from heaven. Satan attempts to destroy Israel, most likely through an armed invasion, which is supernaturally defeated by God through an earthquake. The fifth main figure is the collective ''offspring'' of the woman. These events are given further details in passages such as Ezekiel chapter 38.
