What does Romans 2:1 mean?
Chapter and verse divisions were not part of the original Scriptures. So, this passage must be read in close connection with the conclusion of Romans 1. Paul has just finished describing the "ungodliness and unrighteousness" of humanity in our rejection of Him. He concluded that section with a long list of the human sins that result when God gives us over to our debased minds in response to our rejection of God (Romans 1:18–32).It's likely that Paul's Jewish readers, those who religiously followed the law of Moses, imagined Paul's description to have been leveled at Gentile—non-Jewish—pagans and those they considered "sinners." Perhaps even Gentiles who followed moral philosophies imagined Paul's words as being meant for other ears.
Paul now seems to read the minds of these self-appointed "judges." He says to them—to all of us, really—that they are not the one with the gavel. You, "oh man," are the one on trial. And we are all guilty. How can this be? Paul says it plainly, "You do the same things." In addition to participating in some of the sins Paul lists in Romans 1, these judges also practice the sin of hypocrisy in their judgment of other guilty people.
Paul's religious readers, especially those who follow the law, might protest that they do not do the things Paul has described. Paul will show in Romans 2, however, that even the most religious of Jews will be judged for their sinful choices.