What does Ruth 4:4 mean?
International Justice Mission (IJM) reports that about ninety percent of rural sub-Saharan Africans do not have proof of ownership of the land where they live and work. If a man and his sons live and work on the land, they have a chance of holding it. If the man dies and the boys are young, the widow is extremely vulnerable to land theft. In 2014, in the Ugandan territories where IJM works, about thirty percent of widows have lost their land—sometimes violently—with no hope of justice.God's intent for the Israelites was that they would never reach this point. If they obeyed Him, their families and their land would be fertile. If a man died, his sons would care for their mother. If, by chance, a man fell into extreme poverty, his relative would buy his land and return it at the year of Jubilee (Leviticus 25:25–28, 47–49). But the Israelites, especially during the time of the judges, often didn't follow God. As a result, God allowed them to experience famine and war (Deuteronomy 28). In the middle of all this, Naomi has lost her husband, Elimelech, and their sons (Ruth 1:1–5). Elimelech apparently has no brother. But there is still land in his name, purchased and held by someone else. Naomi cannot redeem the land: she is destitute. And since she had no male heir, it will not be returned at the year of Jubilee.
Fortunately, Naomi's daughter-in-law has found Boaz, a relative of Elimelech's who is willing to either redeem the land from Elimelech's buyer and use the proceeds to support Naomi or challenge a closer relative to do the same (Ruth 2—3). Because of Boaz, Naomi will not face the same fate as the widows of Uganda.
To this end, Boaz has found this closer relative and presents him with the proposition in front of ten elders and several bystanders (Ruth 4:1–3, 9). He uses legal language to provide the witnesses with a verbal "record" of the transaction. The man quickly agrees, at first. It's a good deal for the man. He'll have to support a woman who is past child-bearing age; she won't cost much. And since she has no male heirs, he can keep the land for his own sons.
But Boaz isn't done. Ruth presented it to him with an addition Boaz will include: the man must marry Ruth and provide Elimelech with an heir (Ruth 3:10). Unless the man is Ruth's late husband's brother, he is not legally obligated to join her in a levirate marriage (Deuteronomy 25:5–6). But Boaz challenges him to care for a widow of Israel in front of ten city elders and a crowd of bystanders. He can't politely take the land and not take Ruth without bringing dishonor on his house. And yet, to agree would risk financial ruin if his own fields fell into another famine (Ruth 4:5–6).
So, the nameless man backs out, opening the path for what Naomi, Ruth, and Boaz wanted all along. Boaz will marry Ruth, care for Naomi, and give Elimelech an heir.